Which of the following is a side effect of lithium?

Lithium is a medication commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and mood stabilization. One notable side effect associated with lithium is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. This condition occurs when the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine due to the action of lithium, which interferes with the kidney's response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). As a result, patients may experience excessive thirst and urination, leading to significant fluid imbalance if not managed properly.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is particularly significant because it can develop even in patients whose lithium levels are within the therapeutic range. The mechanism relates to lithium's effects on the renal medulla, where it disrupts the normal action of ADH on kidney tubules. Understanding this side effect is critical for healthcare providers when monitoring patients on lithium therapy, as it may require adjustments in treatment or strategies for managing fluid balance.

The other options provided do not directly correspond to established side effects of lithium therapy. Severe hypertension is not a typical outcome of lithium treatment and can be caused by other factors unrelated to lithium itself. Neuropathic pain is also not a known side effect of lithium, typically associated with other types of medications or conditions. Hypokalemia, a condition characterized by low potassium levels